| Plagioclase | |
|---|---|
[[ |250px]] | |
| Type | Feldspar |
| Essential mineral(s) | {{{Essential mineral(s)}}} |
| Accessory mineral(s) | {{{Accessory mineral(s)}}} |
Plagioclase is a series of tectosilicate (framework silicate) minerals within the feldspar group. Rather than referring to a particular mineral with a specific chemical composition, plagioclase is a continuous solid solution series, more appropriately known as the plagioclase feldspar series. This was first shown by the German mineralogist Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel (1796–1872) in 1826. The series ranges from albite to anorthite endmembers (with respective compositions NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8), where sodium and calcium atoms can substitute for each other in the mineral's crystal lattice structure. Plagioclase in hand samples is often identified by its polysynthetic crystal twinning or 'record-groove' effect.
Plagioclase is a primary constituent mineral in the Earth's crust and is consequently an essential diagnostic tool in petrology for identifying the composition, origin, and evolution of igneous rocks. Plagioclase is also a significant constituent of rock in the highlands of the Earth's moon. Analysis of thermal emission spectra from the surface of Mars suggests that plagioclase is the most abundant mineral in the crust of Mars.[3]
Its name comes from Ancient Greek πλάγιος (plágios, "oblique") + κλᾰ́σῐς (klásis, "fracture"), about its two cleavage angles.
Plagioclase series members[]
The composition of plagioclase feldspar is typically denoted by its overall fraction of anorthite (%An) or albite (%Ab), and readily determined by measuring the plagioclase crystal's refractive index in crushed grain mounts, or its extinction angle in thin section under a polarizing microscope. The extinction angle is an optical characteristic and varies with the albite fraction (%Ab). Several named plagioclase feldspars fall between albite and anorthite in the series. The following table shows their compositions in terms of constituent anorthite and albite percentages.
Endmembers[]
- Anorthite was named by Gustav Rose in 1823 from the Ancient Greek meaning oblique, referring to its triclinic crystallization. Anorthite is a comparatively rare mineral but occurs in the bare plutonic rocks of some orogenic calc-alkaline suites.
- Albite is named from the Latin albus for its unusually pure white color. It is a relatively common and essential rock-making mineral associated with the more acid rock types and pegmatite dikes, often as the variety Cleavelandite with rarer minerals like tourmaline and beryl.
Intermediate members[]
The intermediate members of the plagioclase group are very similar and commonly cannot be distinguished except by their optical properties. Each member's specific gravity (albite 2.62) increases by 0.02 per 10% increase in anorthite (2.75).
- Bytownite, named after the former name for Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Bytown), is a rare mineral occasionally found in more basic rocks.
Labradorite displaying typical iridescent effect termed labradorescence. (unknown scale)
- Labradorite is the characteristic feldspar of the more basic rock types such as diorite, gabbro, andesite, or basalt and is usually associated with one of the pyroxenes or amphiboles. Labradorite frequently shows an iridescent display of colors due to light refracting within the lamellae of the crystal. It is named after Labrador, a constituent of the intrusive igneous rock anorthosite, composed almost entirely of plagioclase. A variety of labradorite known as spectrolite is found in Finland.
- Andesine is a characteristic mineral of rocks such as diorite, a moderate amount of silica, and related volcanic such as andesite.
- Oligoclase is common in granite, syenite, diorite, and gneiss. It is a frequent associate of orthoclase. The name oligoclase is derived from the Greek for little and fracture, about the fact that its cleavage angle differs significantly from 90°. Sunstone is mainly oligoclase (sometimes albite) with flakes of hematite.